Madrigal leading up to Monteverd

Madrigal leading up to Monteverd Account of the evolution of the Madrigal leading up to Monteverdi. Madrigals are secular songs for all voices. It formed the basis of poems and sonnets set to music, and various other types of poetry. The first generation of Madrigals were set for four voices; these were (cantus) Soprano (altus) Also (tenor) tenor and (bassus) bass. Madrigals dealt freely with the music, mainly of a homophonic and contrapuntal textures, in a series of overlapping sections and consistent use of imitation. The Madrigal was written for all voices, except at the time, of sacred music, which was written for male voices only. Madrigals in the fifteenth century were written in the vernacular. At this time there was an international style of music. The sixteenth century goes development of voices and new influences. The development of the Italian Madrigal is in three stages. This progression is shown in the third generation madrigal composer, Monteverdi. The Madrigal development spans from 1530 to 1620 approximately. This is at the same time as the end of the Renaissance period and the baroque period. With the development of instruments at this time, harmony was adapted and instruments were brought together to create a contrast of new music. This illustrates the development along with the Madrigals, and how they developed with the music. The First Generation of Madrigals includes composers such as Jaques Arcadelt (ca. 1507 1568). He was a Franco-Flemish composer, and worked in Florence, Rome and France. Arcadelts composition Il bianco e dolce cigno was first published as a set of Madrigals in 1538, and is the most famous of the early Madrigals. This work is predominantly homophonic, and uses imitation for harmonies of 3rds and 5ths. The piece has four parts, and is predominantly consonant, apart from a few suspensions and resolutions. The typical sixteenth century Madrigal is through composed, meaning nothing is repeated and is continuous. Thus, all new words have new music. This is also very typical as it is set for 4 voices. The meanings of the words is the most important part of the madrigal, thus, the words are drawn out over a long moving melody and occasional use of dissonance and chromatic usage, to show the connotation of the words. Mid-sixteenth century (the second generation), Madrigals now consist of 5 to the maximum of 6 voices. This shows the steady progression of Madrigals from the first to the second generation. Cipriano De Rore (1546 1565) who composed Da le belle contrade doriente around 1560 1566. In this madrigal, the woman expresses sorrow that her lover is about to depart. The composer chose intervals associated with sadness and reflected the natural speech inflection. He also includes Melisma, dissonant notes, and a lot more chromaticism, and breaking phrases, to really draw out the emotion of the words. This has clearly adapted from the first generation of Madrigals, more technically demanding and increased range and use of cross rhythms than that of earlier Madrigals. The Third generation of madrigals occurred around the late sixteenth century. In this period, this launched the Baroque era, and experimentation and development of harmony and literal context. A highly experimental composer was Luca Marenzio (1553 1599) who composed Solo e pensoso 1590. It starts with an ascending chromatic sequence, which demonstrates the use of experimentation with harmony at this time from the earlier Madrigals, hence, with the chromatic opening and harmonic usage. The texture in this generation is much broader in its approach and fuller than that of earlier Madrigals. At this point, Madrigals would have been sung for a purpose, because earlier Madrigals were sung just for the enjoyment for the singers. Another third generation composer was Carlo Gesualdo (1560 1613). His use of experimentation with madrigals continued to be used throughout into the Baroque era, with such contrasts between chromatic and harmonic passages, to express the meanings of the words and convey the emotion. His Madrigal ‘lo parto e non piu dissi, is experimental both harmonically and rhythmically. This is highly dissonant due to the chromaticism in all parts of the melody and countermelodies. In short, the Madrigal took course of several changed throughout the three generations. Its harmonic progression becoming more complicated and experimentation with rhythms progressed through the sixteenth century and was a primary key of basic song writing for the Baroque era.

The Problem with Internet Addiction :: Internet Online Communication Essays

The Problem with Internet Addiction The Internet is a social technology, but the effect it has on face to face relationships can potentially be very detrimental. Like any activity, the Internet takes up a person’s time; the amount of time varies depending on the person’s level of addiction. Often this time usage could be spent bettering face to face relationships. It is not uncommon for an Internet user to begin to replace their face to face relationships with those formed on the Internet. By doing this they often negatively affect their lives. The HomeNet Project, a study on the psychological effects done through Carnegie Mellon University, shows that Internet usage often leads to a decline in social groups (Kraut, Lundmark, Patterson, Kiesler, Mukopadhyay, Scherlis). â€Å"Long hours spent on-line undercut our local social support network; this isolation promotes psychological trouble† (Stoll). The family is another group that is affected by the Internet. The HomeNet Project also shows that usage is related to declines in family interaction (Kraut). In a society that often tries to push our politicians to focus on family values and expects our phone commercials to incorporate relationships with friends, the Internet may be the opposition. If people are looking to improve their relational bonds with those close to them, they should consider stepping away from the computer screen and spending time with their friends and family. Many reasons exist as to why the Internet negatively affects face to face relationships. The wasting of time is one; the loss of social skills is another. Social skills are learned through experience and reactions to body language (Stoll). The internet can not provide either of these. Trust is often partly derived from a person’s vulnerability. Without being physically near a person, physical vulnerability is lost and thus so is a great deal of trust (Dreyfus). The computer screen can sometimes act as a shield against the physical vulnerability (Dreyfus). In that way the computer can become a safe haven to those seeking relationships without the hardships of face to face contact. A marriage guidance organization out of Britain called Relate has found that the Internet may be causing marriage problems and even break- ups (Frean). â€Å"Husbands and wives complain of becoming Internet widowers or widows after being left to sit alone as a partner spends hours at the computer messaging strangers in chat rooms, downloading music and games, or looking at pornography† (Frean).

Artificial Posterior Teeth Denture Prosthodontics Health And Social Care Essay

Natural dentitions contribute to a figure of unwritten maps, therefore to keep these maps natural dentitions have to be restored once they are lost. A.C Elias et Al. ( 1 ) reveal that as a consequence of tooth loss maps as address, chew and visual aspect are harmed. Further John Joy Manappallil ( 2 ) explains that with the loss of teeth the psychological province of the patient may be harmed due to the bad visual aspect. The physical province of the patient may besides be affected due to the inability to masticate nutrient and hence weight loss may happen. One of the options available to reconstruct the maps lost subsequent to teeth loss is by the usage of a complete dental plate. Manappallil ( 2 ) provinces that patients expect dental plates to be recollective, supply esthetics, map and comfort. This paper will discourse the standards used to choose posterior unreal dental plate dentitions in order to accomplish a successful complete dental plate intervention. Jason F. McCord et Al. ( 3 ) reveal that the choice of posterior dentitions is a important portion of the line of intervention that nevertheless may non be considered by many tooth doctors and that this determination is chiefly left to the technicians. Aaron H. Fenton ( 4 ) provinces that it is unadvisable to non affect the patient during the procedure of choice of dentition. The choice of posterior dentitions is a complex procedure and in which a figure of factors must be considered. McCord et Al. ( 3 ) province that posterior dentitions should be selected depending on the patient ‘s demands. Hence, the clinician should see occlusal, stableness, and aesthetic factors during the procedure of choice. This means that a dental plate is considered successful when the patient feels comfy utilizing it. Elias et Al. ( 1 ) province in their reappraisal that unwritten comfort comprises deficiency of annoyance, aesthetics and masticatory efficiency. Deepak Nallaswamy Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) point out that fro m the patient ‘s position the unreal dental plate dentitions are the most of import constituent of the dental plate as their map is to supply aesthetics, chew and address. As already mentioned above by Manappallil ( 2 ) the psychological and physiologic province is affected by the loss of dentitions. Psychological and physiologic province of the patient can be improved through complete dental plate intervention due to maps of unreal dentitions. Manappallil ( 2 ) explains that following a successful removable complete dental plate intervention the patient should be able to return to her/his normal activities, should be able to socialise confidently and should be able to masticate nutrients usually so that the sum of nutrient consumption is non comprised. Furthermore, Manappallil ( 2 ) besides reports that a complete dental plate must be well-retained, supported and stable so that it functions expeditiously. Posterior dental plate dentitions can lend to keeping and support. Mana ppallil ( 2 ) provinces that certain occlusal strategies can be utile in diminishing sidelong forces, therefore bettering keeping. He proceeds by explicating that dental plate stableness is affected by occlusal factors ; a decrease in sidelong forces and proper occlusion can help in bettering dental plate stableness. R. Mericske-Stern et Al. ( 6 ) suggests that the chief ground for a complete dental plate being described as unsatisfactory is denture instability and hurting during biting. In order for posterior unreal dentitions to execute their map and supply comfort, masticatory efficiency, aesthetics, dental plate stableness, keeping and cause no bone reabsorption they are selected depending on certain standards which are cuspal disposition, size, shadiness and stuff. Artificial posterior dental plate dentitions are available with different cuspal dispositions. Manappallil ( 2 ) provinces that the angle between the horizontal plane and cusp slope is termed cuspal disposition. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) grouped posterior dentitions harmonizing to their cuspal disposition or occlusal morphology into three groups. The first group comprises the cusp dentition that are subdivided into anatomic and semi-anatomic. The other two groups are the cuspless dentition and the particular tooth signifiers. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) province that anatomic dentitions are the most normally used and supply superior aesthetics. Their cusps may organize and angle of 33A ° or 30A ° . Their high quality to other types is chiefly a consequence of their resemblance to natural dentitions, their good masticatory map and their ability to diminish rotary motion of a dental plate. Nevertheless, drawbacks include that they are hard to put into balanced occlusion and the fact that s idelong forces displace the dental plate easy when these dentitions are used. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) reveal that semi- anatomic dentitions are besides termed modified-cusp or low-cusp dentitions. They make clear that cusps of semi-anatomic dentitions make an angle of 20A ° or 10A ° . Semi-anatomic dentitions are preferred in instances of unnatural jaw dealingss. They pose less trouble during puting into balanced occlusion, let for dental plate stableness during masticating as they cut down the consequence of sidelong emphasiss on the dental plate. However they show a lessening in masticatory efficiency and aesthetics. Manappallil ( 2 ) provinces that cuspless dentitions are besides referred to as level or monoplane or zero-degree dentitions, and that they were produced with the purpose of cut downing sidelong forces on the dental plate to better stableness. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) explain that teeth with a 0A ° cusp angle are indicated with neuromuscular upsets and hapless ridg e relationships. The benefits of cuspless dentitions are flexibleness during puting, decrease of the consequence of sidelong forces on dental plates, and proviso of more lingua room. However, they show a lessening in masticatory efficiency and supply least aesthetics. The last tooth signifier would be the particular tooth signifier. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) mentioned particular tooth signifiers which included French ‘s buttockss, VO buttockss and Sosin- bladed dentitions. In general, these can supply chair to excellent cutting efficiency but show hapless aesthetics and are more expensive. Bernard Levin ( 7 ) studies that F.A French designed non-anatomic dentition in the early twentieth century called French ‘s buttockss. Gallic wanted to take advantage of the cuspless dentition construct but besides increase masticatory and dental plate stableness. He attempted this by extinguishing the inframaxillary buccal cusps and puting a ridge of porcelain in the centre of the tooth mesiodistally. However, his effort was non successful due to the brickle nature of porcelain when exposed to masticatory forces. Levin ( 7 ) besides mentions that in 1946 Hardy introduced dentitions with a curved blade traversing the occlusal surfaces of dentitions. Vee raiyan et Al. ( 5 ) reveal that Hardy was the first to plan a tooth with a metal insert and called it the â€Å" Vitallium Occlusal † ( VO buttockss ) . The tooth has the visual aspect of the merger on one grinder and two bicuspids with a Vitallium metal insert that somewhat protrudes occlusally from the tooth ( Fig 1 ) . Due to the metal- to- metal contact a better masticatory efficiency is achieved. Levin ( 7 ) reveals that utilizing these dentitions it might be hard to accomplish balanced occlusion in add-on to being inaesthetic. The concluding particular tooth signifier is the Sosin bladed tooth. Levin ( 7 ) studies that it was introduced by M.B Sosin and that he designed them by puting a blade on the whole occlusal surface of grinders and bicuspids of maxillary dentitions. He placed metal tabular arraies on the inframaxillary dental plate dentitions to oppose these blades. The dentitions were extremely efficient but were inaesthetic and required a tooth doctor with adept accomplishments to put them up. Veeraiyan et Al. ( 5 ) that nowadays the best masticatory efficiency is exhibited by Sosin bladed dentitions. Fig. 1

The Minimum Drinking Age Should Be Legal - 1983 Words

The minimum age limit has been a topic of debate for years even though the choice is simple. Did you know that most parents living in Kansas nowadays grew up in a time in Kansas when they could drink a little alcohol when they were only 18 years old? Many people believe that if we allow drinking at younger ages such as 18 or 19 it would get rid of the â€Å"forbidden fruit† effect on alcohol. This is a way of thinking for fools about the problem of legal age of alcohol consumption. The reasons why we shouldn’t change the drinking age to 18 are it damages brain development and it causes more social problems. This problem came about soon after the Prohibition on alcohol was repealed in 1933, it was left up to the state to decide what†¦show more content†¦In order to prevent more deaths, 24 of the 29 states that had originally lowered their drinking age quickly raised the age back to 21 between 1976 and 1984. In 1984, there were still three states left that still allowed 18-year-olds to drink any and all types of alcoholic liquor. The other remaining states had adopted some sort of stair-step age requirement policy that was based on the type of liquor being consumed with higher levels of alcohol requiring higher ages to drink. Federal transportation authorities viewed this wide range of varying state laws as a real safety problem for all roads and traffic. Alcohol-related traffic injuries or deaths were increasing and many of these accidents were a result of kids traveling from their home states to neighboring states that had lower drinking ages and then becoming injured or killed as they returned to their home states drunk. These borders to states that had differing drinking ages and many accidents became known as â€Å"blood borders† for obvious reasons. Congress wanted a solution so they enacted the National Minimum Drinking Age Act which was recommended by President Reagan’s Commission on Drunk Driving in 1984. Sta tes were going to lose 10% of their federal highway funds unless they raised the minimum drinking age in their state to 21 for all alcoholic beverages. All the states had complied after a short time so that now all 50 states have a minimum drinking age of 21. There is